1,794 research outputs found
Reforming German Labor Market Institutions: A Dual Path to Flexibility
Germany has always been one of the prime examples of institutional complementarities between social insurance, a rather passive welfare state, strong employment protection and collective bargaining that stabilize diversified quality production. This institutional arrangement was criticized for being the main cause of inferior labor market performance and increasing fiscal pressure on the welfare state while at the same time inhibiting institutional change. However, over the last 15 years, a sequence of institutional reforms has fundamentally modified the functioning of the German labor market and increased both flexibility and job creation capacities through two intimately linked processes that redefined the line between inactivity, the flexible and the standard segment of the labor market. On the one hand, policy changes facilitated the expansion of flexible or 'atypical' jobs, whereas increasing flexibility of the standard employment relationship resulted from wage moderation and working time flexibility. While at the outset of this reform sequence German had a small, but relatively egalitarian labor market, the number of jobs, but also their diversity has increased.Germany, labor market reforms, atypical employment, standard employment relationship
Climate Change Research in View of Bibliometrics
This bibliometric study of a large publication set dealing with research on
climate change aims at mapping the relevant literature from a bibliometric
perspective and presents a multitude of quantitative data: (1) The growth of
the overall publication output as well as (2) of some major subfields, (3) the
contributing journals and countries as well as their citation impact, and (4) a
title word analysis aiming to illustrate the time evolution and relative
importance of specific research topics. The study is based on 222,060 papers
published between 1980 and 2014. The total number of papers shows a strong
increase with a doubling every 5-6 years. Continental biomass related research
is the major subfield, closely followed by climate modeling. Research dealing
with adaptation, mitigation, risks, and vulnerability of global warming is
comparatively small, but their share of papers increased exponentially since
2005. Research on vulnerability and on adaptation published the largest
proportion of very important papers. Research on climate change is
quantitatively dominated by the USA, followed by the UK, Germany, and Canada.
The citation-based indicators exhibit consistently that the UK has produced the
largest proportion of high impact papers compared to the other countries
(having published more than 10,000 papers). The title word analysis shows that
the term climate change comes forward with time. Furthermore, the term impact
arises and points to research dealing with the various effects of climate
change. Finally, the term model and related terms prominently appear
independent of time, indicating the high relevance of climate modeling.Comment: 40 pages, 6 figures, and 4 table
The Use of Flexible Measures to Cope with Economic Crises in Germany and Brazil
This study gives a comparative overview of labor market dynamics and institutional arrangements in Germany and Brazil with particular emphasis on industrial relations, wage setting, unemployment benefits, employment protection and vocational training. The paper shows that institutions determine the mode of adjustment to changing economic conditions and the role of standard vs. non-standard contracts. Whereas internal flexibility via shorter working time was a dominant mode of adjustment during the 2008-09 crisis in the German manufacturing sector, in Brazil such plant-level flexibility to avoid dismissals was less prominent.dismissal protection, working time, labor market flexibility, Germany, Brazil
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